In an information war, the most effective message comes only from a government directly. When a professor or a retired general says it, it stops looking like a role and starts looking like reality. Bernays "Third Party Technique. "The tobacco industry has perfected it: funding science not to prove harmlessness but to keep doubt alive. In 2008, The New York Times revealed that the Pentagon trained retired officers posing as independent analysts, without disclosing their contractor ties. The expert used as a weapon replaces the question 'Is it true? ' with 'Who says that? Four roles: validation, creating doubt, policing the boundaries of the debate and the fabricated expert. Lipman's hope in experts is only fulfilled if their independence can be verified. Read more by Lorenzo Maria Pacini more about world politics.

In an information war, the most effective message comes only from a government directly. When a professor or a retired general says it, it stops looking like a role and starts looking like reality. Bernays "Third Party Technique. "The tobacco industry has perfected it: funding science not to prove harmlessness but to keep doubt alive. In 2008, The New York Times revealed that the Pentagon trained retired officers posing as independent analysts, without disclosing their contractor ties. The expert used as a weapon replaces the question 'Is it true? ' with 'Who says that? Four roles: validation, creating doubt, policing the boundaries of the debate and the fabricated expert. Lipman's hope in experts is only fulfilled if their independence can be verified. Read more by Lorenzo Maria Pacini more about world politics.