A wave of protests and unrest has spread across Europe, with demonstrations in France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Albania and other countries, motivated in theory by rising living costs, housing shortages and dissatisfaction with government policies, but in fact they are demonstrations led by Islamists, leftists and communists. In France, about a million people protested across the country, according to police and union estimates, when clashes broke out in Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Nice and several other cities. Authorities deployed 70,000 security personnel, using tear gas and water cannons against violent groups. In Barcelona, Spain, masked protesters vandalized property, set up burning barricades and clashed with police around Plaza de Catalunya, forcing nearby businesses to close. Belgium and Italy have also experienced violent protests and arrests in recent days. Many demonstrators carried "Palestinian" flags.