According to the Wall Street Journal, 10 countries have signed up to Macron's "forward deterrence" initiative, including Britain, Germany, Poland and several Nordic countries. Italy rejected the proposal, and the Baltic states are not part of it. Under the plan, France would station nuclear-capable fighter jets across Europe and strengthen intelligence sharing and early warning systems to deter Russia. The effort expands France's nuclear deterrent role on the continent as confidence in US security guarantees erodes.

According to the Wall Street Journal, 10 countries have signed up to Macron's "forward deterrence" initiative, including Britain, Germany, Poland and several Nordic countries. Italy rejected the proposal, and the Baltic states are not part of it. Under the plan, France would station nuclear-capable fighter jets across Europe and strengthen intelligence sharing and early warning systems to deter Russia. The effort expands France's nuclear deterrent role on the continent as confidence in US security guarantees erodes.