Three years after October 7, Israel is debating who failed and who knew. This document goes back even further: Shimon Peres was once a Palestinian citizen. Before 1948, the Land of Israel had markets, workshops, offices, government and citizens. In October 1943, a 20-year-old man who said he worked in agriculture applied to the Palestinian government for citizenship. His name was Shimel Persky. The world later knew him as Shimon Peres, Prime Minister and President of Israel. Five years later, the country that issued his certificate disappeared from the world map.

Three years after October 7, Israel is debating who failed and who knew. This document goes back even further: Shimon Peres was once a Palestinian citizen. Before 1948, the Land of Israel had markets, workshops, offices, government and citizens. In October 1943, a 20-year-old man who said he worked in agriculture applied to the Palestinian government for citizenship. His name was Shimel Persky. The world later knew him as Shimon Peres, Prime Minister and President of Israel. Five years later, the country that issued his certificate disappeared from the world map.